How to split string into chars and put them into array (list)?

you use string.gmatch() and use the "." string pattern, which is every character inside a string. then just literate over it and insert each character into a table.

local myString = "example string"
local myTable = {}

for character in string.gmatch(myString,".") do
    table.insert(myTable, character)
end

then if you want, you can literate over the table and print each character or value.

for _,v in pairs(myTable) do
    print(v) -- just prints the value or the character
end

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This is easily done with just string.sub and a basic for loop.

function getChars(InputString)
    local ret = {}
    for local i = string.len(InputString), 1, -1 do -- For every character
        ret[i] = string.sub(InputString,_,_) -- Add this character to the table
    end
    return ret
end