I've been looking into the fundemental properties of Euler angles, and found this helpful article. The article provided a handful of useful equations and functions, though it lacked any explanation. For example, it describes a situation where only one axis (from 0 to 360 deg.) is needed, and provides the method/solution:
local direction = part1.CFrame.lookVector
local heading = math.atan2(direction.x, direction.z)
heading = math.deg(heading)
Though no explanation was provided in any way that described the math behind it.
Reference notes were given at the end of the article, which was somewhat helpful, as follows:
local sx, sy, sz, m00, m01, m02, m10, m11, m12, m20, m21, m22 = matrix:components()
-- m12 = ?cos Y sin X
-- m22 = cos X cos Y
-- => -m12 / m22 = sin X / cos X ]]
local X = math.atan2(-m12, m22)
-- m02 = sin Y
local Y = math.asin(m02)
-- m01 = ?cos Y sin Z
-- m00 = cos Y cos Z
-- => -m01 / m00 = sin X / cos X ]]
local Z = math.atan2(-m01, m00)
Though again, there was no explanation given. Any links to videos, articles, etc. that explain euler angles, even if it doesn't involve Roblox CFrames, would be great. Thanks in advance!

4 comments
There are explanations how ever you gotta read more stuff to understand their explanation about euler angles. http://wiki.roblox.com/index.php?title=Euler_angles
When they explain the subject and mention something else you should use, for example, they mark it blue means its a link. Click on it, read about it and come back
I never rely on Roblox Wiki because some of its pages are very outdated. As for your question, you will need to study more trigs to fully understand what is happening. I suggest you learn more about Trigonometry in Khan Academy Videos. However, Roblox does need their staff to update their wiki page frequently.
Huh. After a bit of searching I even found someone's comment that criticized how the wiki article doesn't "really explained what euler angles actually are" on the talk page. Link: http://wiki.roblox.com/index.php?title=Talk:Euler_angles