First of all, it's hard to tell what you are trying to achieve with this double loop structure, because even if you did "double break" from inside loop B, you could produce functionally identical results with just:
local table = {"hi!", "how", "are", "you", "doing", "on", "this", "fine", "day?"};
for i,v in pairs(table) do
print(v)
if i == #table - 1 then break end
end
end
But to answer your question (EDIT: As @BlueTaslem expresses), you'd need to flag a local boolean variable to indicate that a break was necessary:
local table = {"hi!", "how", "are", "you", "doing", "on", "this", "fine", "day?"};
while wait(0.25) do
local b = false
for i,v in pairs(table) do
print(v)
if i == #table - 1 then
b = true
break
end
end
if b then break end
end